Corrections and Treatment CJS 240

There is a wide variety of correctional treatment for juveniles, just like there is for adults. The juvenile criminal system has community-based programs, institutionalization, and aftercare programs. The goal of these three is to rehabilitate juvenile offenders and make them law abiding citizens.

 The efforts of the community treatment are probation, treatment services, and restitution. Juvenile probation is a primary method of community treatment that the juvenile justice system uses to rehabilitate youths. The juvenile on probation stays in the community as long as he or she follows the given conditions of probation.

Community treatment rehabilitate youths that are not a danger to society and have a bigger chance of being rehabilitated. The positive ways of community treatment are the normal contact with other people; avoids imprisonment which helps to rehabilitate the offender, and saves money to taxpayers.

In most jurisdictions, probation allows the youth offender to stay in the community under court supervision. In other words, probation is a contract between the court and the juvenile offender.  Just like the adults, if the young offender violates the conditions of probation, the court can revoke the contract; if this occurs, the juvenile has a right to be legally represented.

Another community-based program is victim restitution. This can take several ways. For example, a juvenile has to reimburse the victim monetarily, to cover medical expenses, wage losses, or property damage. In other instances, the juvenile offender might provide services directly to the victim, or contribution to a community organization.

According to Siegel and Welsh (2005) “Most juvenile offenders are retained in public institutions, administrated by state agencies such as child and youth services, health and social services, corrections, or child welfare”. (pg. 350). In some states these institutions compromise adults and juveniles institutions, all in one place.

Most private institutions consist on small facilities, which hold less than thirty youths. Numerous private institutions focus on a specific issue. Almost all of these private institutions are safe, but only 20 percent.

Institutionalized juveniles are affected by several issues. Most juveniles are incarcerated because of drug offenses, property, or victimizing other people. Although all juveniles go to these facilities for the same reasons, there seems to be a disparity on how often offenders from different ethnic backgrounds, are incarcerated. According Siegel and Walsh ( 2005), “  Research has found that this overrepresentation is not a result of differentials in arrest rates, but often stems from disparity at early stages of case processing.57 Of equal importance, minorities are more likely to be confined in secure public facilities rather than in open, private facilities that might provide more costly and effective treatment,58 and among minority groups African-American youths are more likely to receive more punitive treatment—throughout the juvenile justice system—compared with others.”. (pg.353).

A further issue is the way the make offenders can manipulate staff members and take advantage of minority group offenders. The institution facilities for girls lack recreation and vocational programs, as well as fewer services. The juvenile system should pay attention to these behavioral patterns in boys, and a lack of services for girls. The institutions are supposed to rehabilitate and teach young offenders that damaging others is wrong, but once they are in these facilities they learn that mistreatment toward weaker juveniles is acceptable. Because girls arrive the institution facilities with low self-esteem and lack of vocational characteristics, the absence of programs to help change this issues, does not in fact rehabilitate the young female offenders; they return to society without knowing what they would like to do once they became adults.

Aftercare programs are the equivalent to parole in the adult criminal justice. Juvenile offenders are placed in aftercare programs to help them with the transition to community. Aftercare is a crucial phase in the juvenile justice system because not very many turn eighteen being in custody.

The IAP (Intensive Aftercare Program) focus on five standards:

·         Prepare the youth to responsibility and freedom

·         Helping youth to interact with the community

·         Working with the juvenile offender and the victims

·         Increasing new resources for support

·         Supervising juveniles interacting within their community.

Although the different community-based treatments have a positive and a negative side, many jurisdictions are reporting success when focusing on rehabilitation of juvenile offenders

References

·         (2005). Juvenile Delinquency: The Core (2nd ed.). : Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Inside the NYC Corrections Academy

Look at this video on NYC Police Department. Exelent!

https://portal.phoenix.edu/medialibrary/videodetails.html#05V110608001505137

How are the roles and responsibilities of past policing eras different from today? How effective would policing methods of the past be today? Would our society accept these past methods? Explain your answer.

I believe that the modern era of policing is working better than the political era and the reform era. Political era was about serving the politicians and doing favors for them more than protectin the citizens.In addition,in the 17th century,the sheriff not only was in charge of crime, but also to collect taxes, legal process, and supervise elections. The reform era was better, but the lack of communication between police and community made it fail. Our era is better than the two first ones, because there is actually involvement with the community, making it easier for police officers to understand people and why they commit crimes, along with new technology that helps solve crimes and capture criminals faster and easier. Although police has been performing a better job through the years, i still think there is always room for improvement, and corruption will always be there.I do not think policing methods of the past would work today as our society has changed greatly throughout time Population has grown, and with that new kind of job positions within the law enforcement.

Law Enforcement Agencies CJS 210

I highly recommed this book about the FBI. All you want to know, you wil find it in Kessler's book!

Law Enforcement Agencies

Agustina Barton

CJS 210

October 12, 2010

University of Phoenix

       The term local police refer to the vast majority of all law enforcement employees. The local enforcement agencies are: metropolitan law enforcement, county law enforcement, and rural and

small town enforcement.

·         Metropolitan Law Enforcement:  is in charge of arresting law violators, issuing special licenses and permits, enforcing traffic laws providing, and crowd and traffic control at public events, and. Metropolitan police also performs routine patrol, and investigating crimes. About 65 percent of local officers perform patrol duties and 16 percent of these officers, perform criminal investigations.

·         County Law Enforcement: Many counties in United States have a sheriff’s department, managed by an elected sheriff. The duties of the sheriff vary according to the size of the designated county. The sheriff’s office may perform the duties of coroners, tax assessors and collectors, court attendants, keepers of county jails, and executors of criminal and civil processes, as well as law enforcement.

·         Rural and Small Town Law Enforcement: Law enforcement officers in charge of small and rural towns face the distance problem. Rural and small town law enforcement agencies participate in mutual assistance programs with neighboring agencies and help one another when needed.

        The major differences between the local and state law enforcement is that local officers play an immediate role within the community by arresting law offenders, investigating crimes; they do traffic laws, and have duties at court and jails, and are responsible to respond to citizen calls for service. The state law enforcement mainly focuses on highway patrol by preventing criminals and contraband of any type (drugs, for example) that could cross from state to state.

         Federal Law Enforcement Agencies are grouped at the same time, according to the federal department or bureau to which they report. The mentioned groups are the following:

·         Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Marshals Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and Drug Enforcement Administration.

·         Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Marshals Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and Drug Enforcement Administration.

        Every department plays an important role in the Criminal Justice System, but probably the three most important agencies are: the State Police and Highway patrol, FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), and the IRA (Internal Revenue Services).

     The State and Highway Patrol was created for four main reasons:

1.      To assist local police departments who did not have had enough training and resources to solve crimes and perform their law enforcement tasks.

2.      To investigate and catch criminals that would cross jurisdictional boundaries.

3.      To provide law enforcement in areas were local police was not available.

4.      To control labor movements.

Today in the United States, there are twenty-six highway patrols and have limited authority either by their jurisdiction or the type of offenses the patrols can control.

          The FBI is charge of investigating violation of the federal law and has jurisdiction over nearly two hundred federal crimes such as kidnapping, bank robbery, murders, among others. In addition to this, FBI agents investigate terrorism and drug trafficking, and they offer training to local law enforcements

         The IRA is responsible for the government finances. It pays the federal government’s bills, collects tax, and prints currency. The bureau has three divisions, and only one is involved with the investigation of crime. The IRS is also involved in the investigation of criminal activities such as selling drugs for the simple reason that drug dealers will never report any illegal activities.

         These three agencies are equally important and work together to fight crime in the country.

     

Ethnic Group and Discrimination

Agustina Barton

ETH 125

August 19, 2010

University of Phoenix

Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, which makes them the fifth largest ethnic group, with Argentina and Brazil having the second largest Italian population in the world. From 1890 to 1900, more than 600,000 Italian immigrants arrived in the United States looking for freedom and a chance to be successful. Many of these European immigrants hoped to earn enough money to return home and buy their own piece of land.  Most Italians arrived with little cash and almost no education since they were farmers back in Italy. For this reason, Italians brought with them an agrarian culture, along with Catholic, food, and family-based culture. The most important institution in Italian society was the family.

        Social life increased in Italian-American neighborhoods; the language they spoke was not the official Italian, but regional dialects instead. Few could write and read English and Italian. Italian neighborhoods were usually areas with poor sanitation. Furthermore, these immigrants were segregated in what they called Italian neighborhoods which were stereotyped as violent and controlled by the mafia.  By the 1920’s the “Little Italies” grew richer as Italian Americans opened restaurants, groceries, and other small businesses. “Italian immigrants soon became an important element of American urban life. In 1870, New York already had the largest group of Italian residents (2,800), but both New Orleans and San Francisco claimed over 1,500 Italian residents each. By 1910, more than two-thirds of the 500,000 Italians in America’s largest cities lived in New York, while Philadelphia, Chicago, and Boston had all surpassed New Orleans and San Francisco as centers of Italian work and residence.” Encyclopedia of Urban America: The Cities and Suburbs. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1998. Credo Reference.

           Americans viewed Italian immigrants as a despised minority because they were perceived

to be: 

•   Working class
• Seemingly resistant to assimilation
• Clannish
• Poor
• Illiterate
• Had high rates of disease

·         Criminals                                                                                               

Like many other immigrant minority groups, Italian immigrants encountered hostility and conflict in their new homes. Italian-Americans faced systematic discrimination and at times violent force from the dominant groups in America. “The dominant group in America viewed Italian immigrants as racially inferior.” Italian American: The Racializing of an Ethnic Identity (Richards, 1999:158).  This indeed seems to be true considering the way Italian-Americans were treated upon their arrival.  Italian-Americans were discriminated against in the workplace, receiving lower wages than white dominant group members for the same jobs, they were seen as a negative addition to America, and most whites preferred they not have come, and in some instances there was even violence against Italians such as in the case of the eleven Italian-Americans lynched in 1891 (Meyers, 2007:298-299). 

The social boundaries that Italian-Americans encountered were perpetuated by conflict between the dominant group and Italian immigrants.  Being generally poor, Italian immigrants settled into Italian immigrant neighborhoods, and due to pluralism as a result of overall discrimination, they generally married within their own ethnicity.  Assimilation of Italian immigrants was indeed not welcomed thought among the dominant group, and conflict theorists would agree that the power held by the dominant group, as far as money, holdings, held public positions, and length of residence in America placed a barrier around Italian immigrants making assimilation a difficult process. Moreover, after the First World War Italians developed a reputation for becoming criminals. This was mainly due to high-profile criminals such as Al Capone, Slavadore Marazano, Vito Genovese, and Frank Costello. However, the US Department of Justice estimates that less than .0025 percent of Italian Americans have anything to do with organized crime.

These stereotypes are true since I come from an Italian family. When people ask me what is my maiden last name,(Bacigalupo) they automatically relate me to the “Mafia”. I can honestly say I fell a 104% identified with the Italian culture because that is what I am familiar with: the family, the pasta, and being loud when talking at each other. I also identify with the American culture because I have been living here for eight years now, and my husband and children are North American.  The United States mainstream culture is all around the world, and for that reason great part of the world will feel identify with our culture.

 

Greek and Roman Architecture art 101

Greek and Roman Architecture

Greek architecture was based  on building beautiful buildings to worship the Greek gods, and the majority of these buildings where ,in fact,   temples. Although the Roman architecture worshiped the Roman gods, the most stunning buildings were those for social gathering.

Up until the 7th century, Greek architecture was built from wood and mud. The buildings very well-known know today were made largely of limestone. The Greeks extracted the limestone and cut it in large blocks so it would be easier for the builders to work with the material. Moreover, the periods shown in these buildings are Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman.

Additionally, some buildings were made of marble but the cost of this rock was too high. For this reason, marble was more popular to build sculptures rather than buildings.

The main styles of Greek architecture are Ionic and Doric. The Doric style was predominant in Greece and Italy. The Ionic style differed with the Doric style because   the Doric style is more formal whereas the Ionic style is more decorative. The Pantheon in Greece is an example of the Doric style.

Roman architecture is considered to use more advanced designs as well as more complex engineering, and it uses three types of columns.

The most common type of columns is made in the Doric style; these columns are plain with the only purpose to support heavy structures. Moreover, the Ionic style was used to decorate the ends of the columns. The Corinthian style is considered superior than the other columns because it has more meticoulous details.

Roman architecture employed the use of arches quite often, resulting in a stunning architectural work. The use of arches led to the elaboration of the dome, for example, the Coliseum in Rome, Italy.

Greek and Roman architecture showed an advanced engineering and architectural techniques of the era, which also represented their religious beliefs.